The “t.test” Function in R

• Package: Base R (no specific package required)

• Purpose: Performs t-tests for comparing means of two groups or one-sample t-tests.

• General Class: Statistical Testing

• Required Argument(s):

• x: A numeric vector of data values for the first group (or the only group in the case of a one-sample t-test).

• Notable Optional Arguments:

• y: An optional numeric vector of data values for the second group. Used in two-sample t-tests.

• alternative: A character string specifying the alternative hypothesis. Options include "two-sided", "greater", or "less".

• mu: A numeric value specifying the hypothesized population mean in a one-sample t-test.

• paired: A logical value indicating whether to perform a paired t-test. The default is FALSE.

• var.equal: A logical value indicating whether to assume equal variances in a two-sample t-test. The default is FALSE.

• conf.level: The confidence level for the confidence interval. The default is 0.95.

• Example:

• # Example data for a two-sample t-test
  set.seed(123)
  group1 <- rnorm(30, mean = 10, sd = 2)
  group2 <- rnorm(30, mean = 12, sd = 2)
  
  # Perform a two-sample t-test
  result <- t.test(group1, group2)
  
  # Display the result
  print(result)

• In this example, the t.test function is used to perform a two-sample t-test comparing the means of two groups (group1 and group2). The result of the test, including the t-statistic, degrees of freedom, and p-value, is then printed to the console.